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An Overview of Anabolic‑Androgenic Steroids (AAS)

> Disclaimer: This document is intended solely for educational purposes and does not endorse or encourage the use of anabolic‑androgenic steroids (AAS). All information is provided in a neutral, factual manner.

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1. What Are AAS?

Feature	Description
Chemical class	Steroid hormones derived from cholesterol; modified to increase androgenic activity and reduce metabolism.
Common examples	Testosterone (base form), Nandrolone decanoate, Oxymetholone, Stanozolol, Boldenone undecylenate.
Mechanism of action	Bind to intracellular androgen receptors → modulate gene transcription → promote protein synthesis and cell proliferation.

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2. Historical Context

Early 20th Century: http://voicebot.digitalakademie-bw.de:3000/moelauna531579 Discovery of testosterone (1919) and its isolation.

1950s–1960s: Development of anabolic agents for medical use (e.g., treating muscle wasting).

1970s–1980s: Emergence in sports; first major doping scandals.

3. Prevalence in Sports

Sport	Estimated Anabolic Agent Use (%)
Professional Cycling	20–30%
Bodybuilding	>50% (muscle hypertrophy focus)
Basketball	~10%
Football (Soccer)	<5%

Data from WHO and anti-doping agencies; note that underreporting is significant.

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4. Biological Impact

Muscle Protein Synthesis: Enhanced via activation of mTOR pathway.

Recovery Time Reduction: Decreased protein degradation, faster glycogen replenishment.

Hormonal Alterations: Elevated testosterone analogues can lead to negative feedback suppression of endogenous production.

5. Clinical Implications

Performance Enhancement

- Increased power output; improved sprint and jump metrics.

Risk of Adverse Events

- Cardiovascular strain, liver toxicity, potential for sudden cardiac death in high doses.

Regulatory Concerns

- Use banned by major sporting bodies (e.g., WADA). Legal implications if used in professional sports.