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## Understanding Anabolic–androgenic Steroids (AAS) – A Comprehensive Guide
Anabolic–androgenic steroids (AAS), often simply called "steroids," are synthetic compounds that mimic the effects of testosterone, the body’s primary male sex hormone. They are used for a variety of purposes—from treating medical conditions to enhancing athletic performance and physique development. This guide is designed for people who want an evidence‑based overview of AAS: what they are, how they’re typically used, the benefits and risks, and practical considerations if you’re thinking about or already using them.
> **Key Takeaway:**
> 1️⃣ AAS can produce noticeable performance and aesthetic gains.
> 2️⃣ They carry significant health risks that outweigh short‑term benefits for many users.
> 3️⃣ If you choose to use them, informed medical oversight and careful monitoring are essential.
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## 1. What Are Anabolic–androgenic Steroids (AAS)?
An AAS is a synthetic derivative of the male sex hormone testosterone. The "anabolic" part refers to muscle‑building effects; the "androgenic" part refers to traits typical of males such as body hair growth, deepening voice, etc.
- **Commonly used steroids**
| Steroid | Common Brand Name | Typical Use (training) |
|---------|-------------------|------------------------|
| Testosterone enanthate | Deca-Durabolin, Testosterone Enanthate | Muscle mass, strength |
| Nandrolone decanoate | Deca-Durabolin | Reduces fatigue, increases lean body mass |
| Methandrostenolone (Dianabol) | Dianabol | Rapid gains in strength & muscle size |
| Oxymetholone | Anadrol | Massive protein retention and strength |
- **Administration routes**
- *Intramuscular* injections are common for anabolic steroids.
- Some users may also use *oral* steroids, but they tend to have higher hepatotoxicity.
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## Potential Side Effects
| Category | Common side effects (especially with high doses) |
|----------|-----------------------------------------------|
| **Metabolic** | ↑Blood glucose → diabetes; ↑cholesterol → atherosclerosis |
| **Hepatic** | Liver enzyme elevations, hepatic steatosis, or cholestasis; risk of liver tumors |
| **Cardiovascular** | Hypertension, altered cardiac structure (LV hypertrophy), arrhythmias |
| **Endocrine** | ↓LH/FSH → decreased spermatogenesis and testosterone production; gynecomastia (via aromatization to estrogen) |
| **Psychiatric** | Mood swings, anxiety, aggression, or depression |
| **Others** | Edema, rash, increased thirst, nausea |
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### 4. Why the 2022‑2023 Evidence Supports a "Yes"
1. **Large‑Scale Observational Data**
- The 2023 *BMJ* cohort of >30 000 men demonstrated that exposure to